“A photovoltaic (PV) system, also known as a solar power system, converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar cells. These solar cells are typically made of semiconductor materials, such as silicon, that have the ability to absorb photons (particles of light) and release electrons, creating an electric current. Here’s a general overview of how a photovoltaic system works:

Sunlight absorption: Photons from sunlight strike the solar panels (also called PV modules) installed on the rooftop or ground-mounted arrays. The panels are designed to absorb as much sunlight as possible.

Electron generation: When sunlight hits the semiconductor material in the solar cells, it excites the electrons, freeing them from their atoms. The freed electrons are now mobile and can move within the material.

Electric field: The solar cells are constructed with a built-in electric field, typically created by the combination of different layers of semiconductor material. This electric field pushes the free electrons towards one direction, creating a flow of electrons, i.e., electricity.

Electrical current: The flow of electrons forms a direct current (DC) of electricity. However, most of the electrical appliances and the electricity grid operate on alternating current (AC). To convert the DC to AC, an inverter is used in the PV system.

Inverter: The DC electricity generated by the solar panels is fed into an inverter. The inverter’s role is to convert the DC power into AC power, which is the standard form of electricity used in homes and businesses.

Electricity usage or grid connection: Once the electricity is converted to AC, it can either be used immediately to power devices within the building where the PV system is installed, or it can be sent back to the electrical grid for distribution to other consumers. In some cases, excess electricity generated by the PV system can be sold back to the grid, earning the system owner credits or income.

Monitoring and control: PV systems often come with monitoring and control systems that allow homeowners or operators to track the performance of the solar panels and overall system efficiency. These systems help in identifying any issues or inefficiencies in the system.

It’s important to note that a complete PV system comprises not only the solar panels and inverter but also other components such as mounting structures, wiring, and safety devices to ensure efficient operation and comply with safety regulations. The efficiency of a PV system depends on factors like the amount of sunlight received, the type and quality of solar panels, system orientation, shading, and the local climate.”